The Lockman Hole project: gas and galaxy properties from a stacking experiment

TL;DR

This study uses HI stacking to analyze the relationship between neutral hydrogen content and optical, radio, and IR properties of galaxies in the Lockman Hole, revealing differences among galaxy types and star formation activity.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the gas content of various galaxy types, especially in relation to their optical, IR, and radio characteristics, using stacking analysis.

Findings

HI detected in blue and some red galaxies, less in inactive galaxies

Star formation is the main source of radio emission in sub-mJy radio sources

LINERs split into two groups based on IR and HI content, indicating different star formation and AGN activity

Abstract

We perform an HI stacking analysis to study the relation between HI content and optical/radio/IR properties of galaxies located in the Lockman Hole area. In the redshift range covered by the observations (up to z = 0.09), we use the SDSS to separate galaxies with different optical characteristics, and we exploit the deep L-band radio continuum image (with noise 11 \mu Jy/beam) to identify galaxies with radio continuum emission. Infrared properties are extracted from the Spitzer catalog. We detect HI in blue galaxies, but HI is also detected in the group of red galaxies - albeit with smaller amounts than for the blue sample. We identify a group of optically inactive galaxies with early-type morphology that does not reveal any HI and ionized gas. These inactive galaxies likely represent the genuine red and dead galaxies depleted of all gas. Unlike inactive galaxies, HI is detected in red LINER-like objects. Galaxies with radio continuum counterparts mostly belong to the sub-mJy population, whose objects are thought to be a mixture of star-forming galaxies and low-power AGNs. After using several AGN diagnostics, we conclude that the radio emission in the majority of our sub-mJy radio sources stems from star formation. LINERs appear to separate into two groups based on IR properties and HI content. LINERs with a 24 \mu m detection show relatively large amounts of HI and are also often detected in radio continuum as a result of ongoing star formation. The LINER galaxies which are not detected at 24 \mu m are more like the optically inactive galaxies by being depleted of HI gas and having no sign of star formation. Radio LINERs in the latter group are the best candidates for hosting low-luminosity radio AGN.