A structure theorem for graphs with no cycle with a unique chord and its consequences

TL;DR

This paper provides a detailed structural characterization of graphs excluding a cycle with a unique chord, leading to efficient algorithms for recognition, maximum clique, and coloring within this class.

Contribution

It introduces a complete structure theorem for graphs with no cycle with a unique chord, enabling explicit construction and decomposition methods.

Findings

Recognition algorithm runs in O(nm) time.

Maximum clique can be found in O(n+m) time.

Graphs are either 3-colorable or have a clique-based coloring.

Abstract

We give a structural description of the class $\cal C$ of graphs that do not contain a cycle with a unique chord as an induced subgraph. Our main theorem states that any connected graph in $\cal C$ is either in some simple basic class or has a decomposition. Basic classes are chordless cycles, cliques, bipartite graphs with one side containing only nodes of degree two and induced subgraphs of the famous Heawood or Petersen graph. Decompositions are node cutsets consisting of one or two nodes and edge cutsets called 1-joins. Our decomposition theorem actually gives a complete structure theorem for ${\cal C}$, i.e. every graph in ${\cal C}$ can be built from basic graphs that can be explicitly constructed, and gluing them together by prescribed composition operations; and all graphs built this way are in ${\cal C}$. This has several consequences: an ${\cal O}(nm)$-time algorithm to decide whether a graph is in $\cal C$, an ${\cal O}(n+m)$-time algorithm that finds a maximum clique of any graph in $\cal C$ and an ${\cal O}(nm)$-time coloring algorithm for graphs in $\cal C$. We prove that every graph in $\cal C$ is either 3-colorable or has a coloring with $\omega$ colors where $\omega$ is the size of a largest clique. The problem of finding a maximum stable set for a graph in $\cal C$ is known to be NP-hard.