Detecting induced subgraphs

TL;DR

This paper investigates the complexity of detecting certain induced subgraphs called realisations of s-graphs, expanding known NP-complete cases and providing criteria for polynomial solvability, with implications for graph algorithms.

Contribution

It extends the complexity classification of induced subgraph detection problems for s-graphs and introduces a criterion for polynomial cases based on graph structure.

Findings

NP-completeness of detecting realisations of certain s-graphs.

NP-completeness of the induced cycle problem passing through two vertices.

A criterion for polynomial solvability based on graph structure.

Abstract

An \emph{s-graph} is a graph with two kinds of edges: \emph{subdivisible} edges and \emph{real} edges. A \emph{realisation} of an s-graph $B$ is any graph obtained by subdividing subdivisible edges of $B$ into paths of arbitrary length (at least one). Given an s-graph $B$, we study the decision problem $\Pi_B$ whose instance is a graph $G$ and question is "Does $G$ contain a realisation of $B$ as an induced subgraph?". For several $B$'s, the complexity of $\Pi_B$ is known and here we give the complexity for several more. Our NP-completeness proofs for $\Pi_B$'s rely on the NP-completeness proof of the following problem. Let $\cal S$ be a set of graphs and $d$ be an integer. Let $\Gamma_{\cal S}^d$ be the problem whose instance is $(G, x, y)$ where $G$ is a graph whose maximum degree is at most d, with no induced subgraph in $\cal S$ and $x, y \in V(G)$ are two non-adjacent vertices of degree 2. The question is "Does $G$ contain an induced cycle passing through $x, y$?". Among several results, we prove that $\Gamma^3_{\emptyset}$ is NP-complete. We give a simple criterion on a connected graph $H$ to decide whether $\Gamma^{+\infty}_{\{H\}}$ is polynomial or NP-complete. The polynomial cases rely on the algorithm three-in-a-tree, due to Chudnovsky and Seymour.