Magnification Bias in Gravitational Arc Statistics

TL;DR

This paper investigates how magnification affects gravitational arc statistics in galaxy clusters, demonstrating that including magnification improves the match between models and observations and offers a faster semi-analytic computation method.

Contribution

It introduces a semi-analytic approach to incorporate magnification effects into arc cross section calculations, enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of arc statistics modeling.

Findings

Magnification significantly increases arc detectability.

Including magnification shifts the arc redshift distribution peak.

Magnification effects help reconcile model predictions with observations.

Abstract

The statistics of gravitational arcs in galaxy clusters is a powerful probe of cluster structure and may provide complementary cosmological constraints. Despite recent progresses, discrepancies still remain among modelling and observations of arc abundance, specially regarding the redshift distribution of strong lensing clusters. Besides, fast "semi-analytic" methods still have to incorporate the success obtained with simulations. In this paper we discuss the contribution of the magnification in gravitational arc statistics. Although lensing conserves surface brightness, the magnification increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the arcs, enhancing their detectability. We present an approach to include this and other observational effects in semi-analytic calculations for arc statistics. The cross section for arc formation ({\sigma}) is computed through a semi-analytic method based on the ratio of the eigenvalues of the magnification tensor. Using this approach we obtained the scaling of {\sigma} with respect to the magnification, and other parameters, allowing for a fast computation of the cross section. We apply this method to evaluate the expected number of arcs per cluster using an elliptical Navarro--Frenk--White matter distribution. Our results show that the magnification has a strong effect on the arc abundance, enhancing the fraction of arcs, moving the peak of the arc fraction to higher redshifts, and softening its decrease at high redshifts. We argue that the effect of magnification should be included in arc statistics modelling and that it could help to reconcile arcs statistics predictions with the observational data.