Theoretical Origin of CP Violation in a Special FCNC-Free 2HDM with $S_N$ Symmetries

TL;DR

This paper presents a theoretical framework for solving the FCNC problem in 2HDM, leading to explicit CP violation and potentially explaining the baryon asymmetry of the universe through enhanced CP strength.

Contribution

It introduces a novel parameter reduction method in 3x3 mass matrices and derives solutions with $S_3$ and $S_2$ symmetries that generate large CP violation.

Findings

FCNCs are eliminated at tree-level in the model.

The model predicts a CP violation strength four orders higher than the Standard Model.

Derived CKM matrices differ significantly from experimental values.

Abstract

In this manuscript, a way solves the FCNC problem in 2HDM radically and leads to CP violation explicitly is demonstrated. The derivation starts from a most general $3 \times 3$ mass matrix $M$ containing eighteen parameters, which applies to all fermion types, and then reduces the number of parameters down to five with a Hermitian condition modified in this manuscript between the real part and imaginary part of $M$. All matrix pairs thus derived will be diagonalized simultaneously by a same $U$ matrix which means FCNCs won't appear at tree-level anymore. Subsequently, an assumption of $A=A_1=A_2=A_3$ is imposed and four special solutions are thus found which reveal $S_3$ and $S_2$ symmetries among fermion generations respectively. Consequently, as a by-product of solving the FCNC problem, complex CKM matrices appear if the symmetries were assigned to up- and down-type quarks suitably. Unfortunately, CKM elements thus derived are very different to the experimentally detected values. The CP strength of this model, estimated by the Jarlskog invariant, is four orders higher than the one predicted by the standard model. This difference is in fact reasonable since we don't see any such symmetries in our present universe. However, if they had appeared in some early stages of our universe, such a strong CP strength may provide a way to account for at least part of the discrepancy between the observed BAU and that predicted by the standard model.