Quantum phases of 1D Hubbard models with three- and four-body couplings

TL;DR

This paper explores how multi-particle interactions, including three- and four-body couplings, influence the phase diagram of one-dimensional Hubbard models, revealing new phases and modifying known phase boundaries.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive analysis of extended Hubbard models with multi-particle couplings using Bosonization, highlighting their impact on phase behavior and phase transitions.

Findings

Three- and four-body couplings significantly alter the phase diagram.

Diagonal three-body terms promote Luther-Emery phases even with repulsive two-body interactions.

Four-body interactions can induce Haldane insulator phases at half-filling.

Abstract

The experimental advances in cold atomic and molecular gases stimulate the investigation of lattice correlated systems beyond the conventional on-site Hubbard approximation, by possibly including multi-particle processes. We study fermionic extended Hubbard models in a one dimensional lattice with different types of particle couplings, including also three- and four-body interaction up to nearest neighboring sites. By using the Bosonization technique, we investigate the low-energy regime and determine the conditions for the appearance of ordered phases, for arbitrary particle filling. We find that three- and four-body couplings may significantly modify the phase diagram. In particular, diagonal three-body terms that directly couple the local particle densities have qualitatively different effects from off-diagonal three-body couplings originating from correlated hopping, and favor the appearance of a Luther-Emery phase even when two-body terms are repulsive. Furthermore, the four-body coupling gives rise to a rich phase diagram and may lead to the realization of the Haldane insulator phase at half-filling.