Optical turbulence characterization at the SAAO Sutherland site

TL;DR

This study characterizes optical turbulence at the SAAO Sutherland site using MASS-DIMM and SLODAR instruments, revealing median seeing of 1.32 arcseconds and turbulence distribution primarily in the ground layer, with correlations to wind direction.

Contribution

First comprehensive turbulence profile characterization at SAAO Sutherland using combined MASS-DIMM and SLODAR measurements, providing valuable site-specific atmospheric data.

Findings

Median seeing of 1.32 arcseconds at ground level

84% of turbulence occurs in the ground layer below 1 km

Strong correlation between turbulence and wind direction from the South-East

Abstract

We present results from the first year of a campaign to characterize and monitor the optical turbulence profile at the SAAO Sutherland observing station in South Africa. A MASS-DIMM (MultiAperture Scintillation Sensor - Differential Image Motion Monitor) was commissioned in March 2010 to provide continuous monitoring of the seeing conditions. Over the first month of the campaign, a SLODAR (SLOpe Detection And Ranging) from Durham University was also installed allowing an independent verification of the performance of the MASS-DIMM device. After the first year of data collection, the overall median seeing value is found to be 1.32" as measured at ground level. The ground layer which includes all layers below 1 km accounts for 84% of the turbulence, while the free atmosphere above 1 km accounts for 16% with a median value of 0.41". The median isoplanatic angle value is 1.92", which is similar to other major astronomical sites. The median coherence time, calculated from corrected MASS measurements, is 2.85 ms. The seeing conditions at the site do show a strong correlation with wind direction with bad seeing conditions being associated with winds from the South-East.