Rheological fluid motion in tube by metachronal wave of cilia

TL;DR

This theoretical study investigates how metachronal cilia waves can induce fluid flow in a rheological non-Newtonian fluid within a tube, highlighting the influence of cilia length and fluid properties on flow rate.

Contribution

The paper introduces a mathematical model for cilia-driven fluid transport in a rheological fluid, considering non-Newtonian effects and metachronal wave motion, which was not previously analyzed in this context.

Findings

Flow rate depends on cilia length and rheological properties.

Flow rate near 6×10^{-3} ml/h for human efferent ducts.

Thickening fluids enhance pumping efficiency.

Abstract

This paper presents a theoretical study of a non-linear rheological fluid transport in an axisymmetric tube by cilia. However, an attempt has been made to explain the role of cilia motion on the transport of fluid through the ductus efferentes of the male reproductive tract. Ostwald-de Waele power-law viscous fluid has been considered to represent the rheological fluid. To analyze pumping by means of a sequence of beat of cilia from row-to-row of cilia in a given row of cells and from one row of cells to the next (metachronal wave movement), we consider the conditions that the corresponding Reynolds number is small enough for inertial effects to be negligible and the wavelength to diameter ratio is large enough for the pressure to be considered uniform over the cross-section. Analyses and computations of the detailed fluid motion reveal that the time-averaged flow rate is dependent on $\epsilon$, a non-dimensional measure involving the mean radius $a$ of the tube and the cilia length. Thus, flow rate significantly varies with the cilia length. Moreover, the flow rate has been reported near to the estimated value $6\times 10^{-3}$$ml/h$ for human efferent ducts if $\epsilon$ is near by 0.4. The estimated value was suggested by Lardner and Shack [1] in human, based on the experimental observations for flow rates in efferent ducts of other animals, e.g., rat, ram and bull. In addition, the nature of the rheological fluid, i.e., the value of the fluid index $n$ strongly influences various flow-governed characteristics. The interesting feature of the paper is that the pumping improves with the thickening behavior for small values of $\epsilon$ or in free pumping ($\Delta P=0$) and pumping ($\Delta P>0$) regions.