A high-order electromagnetic gyrokinetic model

TL;DR

This paper develops a high-order electromagnetic gyrokinetic model incorporating advanced guiding-center transformations, which improves the accuracy of plasma simulations by including additional physical effects.

Contribution

It introduces a high-order extension of the electromagnetic gyrokinetic formulation with the parallel canonical momentum as a phase space coordinate, accounting for the Baños drift effect.

Findings

Modified gyrokinetic Hamiltonian with additional terms

Enhanced gyrokinetic Poisson and Ampère equations

Inclusion of Baños drift effect in the model

Abstract

A high-order extension is presented for the electromagnetic gyrokinetic formulation in which the parallel canonical momentum is taken as one of phase space coordinates. The high-order displacement vector associated with the guiding-center transformation should be considered in the long wavelength regime. This yields addtional terms in the gyrokinetic Hamiltonian which lead to modifications to the gyrokinetic Poisson and Amp\`ere equations. In addition, the high-order piece of the guiding-center transformation for the parallel canonical momentum should be also kept in the electromagnetic model. The high-order piece contains the Ba\~nos drift effect and further modifies the gyrokinetic Amp\`ere equation.