New Superconducting Toroidal Magnet System for IAXO, the International AXion Observatory

TL;DR

The paper presents the design and engineering details of a large superconducting toroidal magnet system for IAXO, aimed at detecting solar axions with enhanced sensitivity over current detectors.

Contribution

It introduces a novel superconducting toroid design inspired by CERN's ATLAS toroids, optimized for axion detection in the IAXO experiment.

Findings

Magnetic field of 5.4 T achieved in the toroid.

Cryogenic system designed for efficient thermal management.

Quench protection scheme validated through simulation.

Abstract

Axions are hypothetical particles that were postulated to solve one of the puzzles arising in the standard model of particle physics, namely the strong CP (Charge conjugation and Parity) problem. The new International AXion Observatory (IAXO) will incorporate the most promising solar axions detector to date, which is designed to enhance the sensitivity to the axion-photon coupling by one order of magnitude beyond the limits of the current state-of-the-art detector, the CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST). The IAXO detector relies on a high-magnetic field distributed over a very large volume to convert solar axions into X-ray photons. Inspired by the successful realization of the ATLAS barrel and end-cap toroids, a very large superconducting toroid is currently designed at CERN to provide the required magnetic field. This toroid will comprise eight, one meter wide and twenty one meter long, racetrack coils. The system is sized 5.2 m in diameter and 25 m in length. Its peak magnetic field is 5.4 T with a stored energy of 500 MJ. The magnetic field optimization process to arrive at maximum detector yield is described. In addition, materials selection and their structure and sizing has been determined by force and stress calculations. Thermal loads are estimated to size the necessary cryogenic power and the concept of a forced flow supercritical helium based cryogenic system is given. A quench simulation confirmed the quench protection scheme.