Constraining white dwarf viscosity through tidal heating in detached binary systems

TL;DR

This paper proposes using short-period detached white dwarf binaries to measure their internal viscosity through tidal heating effects, which can reveal the nature of viscosity sources like turbulence or magnetic stresses.

Contribution

It introduces a method to constrain white dwarf viscosity by analyzing tidal inflation and spin synchronization in binary systems, especially applied to the system J0651.

Findings

Discrepancy in white dwarf radius can be explained by tidal inflation.

Viscous timescales of ~2×10^5 yr or ~10^4 yr suggest different viscosity mechanisms.

Measurement of stellar spin can determine the mean viscosity.

Abstract

Although the internal structure of white dwarfs is considered to be generally well understood, the source and entity of viscosity is still very uncertain. We propose here to study white dwarf viscous properties using short period (< 1 hr), detached white dwarf binaries, such as the newly discovered ~12.8 min system. These binaries are wide enough that mass transfer has not yet started but close enough that the least massive component is subject to a measurable tidal deformation. The associated tidal torque transfers orbital energy, which is partially converted into heat by the action of viscosity within the deformed star. As a consequence, its outer non-degenerate layers expand, and the star puffs up. We self-consistently calculate the fractional change in radius, and the degree of asynchronism (ratio of stellar to orbital spin) as a function of the viscous time. Specializing our calculations to J0651, we find that the discrepancy between the measured radius of the secondary star and He white dwarf model predictions can be interpreted as tidal inflation if the viscous timescale is either ~2 10^5 yr or ~10^4 yr. Such values point to a non-microscopic viscosity, possibly given by tidally induced turbulence, or by magnetic field stresses with a magnetic field strength of 10-100 Gauss. Fortunately, these two timescales produce very different degree of asynchronism, with the shortest one, bringing the system much closer to synchronisation. A measurement of the stellar spin can thus univocally determined the mean viscosity. Extrapolating the secondary's radial expansion, we predict that the star will fill is Roche lobe at a separation which is 1.2-1.3 smaller than the current one. Applying this method to a future sample of systems can allow us to learn whether viscosity changes with mass and/or nuclear composition.