Information content of the weak-charge form factor

TL;DR

Precise measurements of the weak-charge form factor via parity-violating electron scattering can significantly improve our understanding of neutron skins, nuclear structure, and fundamental symmetries, with broad implications across physics.

Contribution

This study evaluates the impact of measuring weak-charge form factors of ${}^{48}$Ca and ${}^{208}$Pb on nuclear observables using density functional theory and covariance analysis.

Findings

Strong correlation between weak-charge form factor and neutron radius.

Optimal momentum transfer range identified for maximum information.

Electric-dipole polarizability confirmed as a strong isovector indicator.

Abstract

Parity-violating electron scattering provides a model-independent determination of the nuclear weak-charge form factor that has widespread implications across such diverse areas as fundamental symmetries, nuclear structure, heavy-ion collisions, and neutron-star structure. We assess the impact of precise measurements of the weak-charge form factor of ${}^{48}$Ca and ${}^{208}$Pb on a variety of nuclear observables, such as the neutron skin and the electric-dipole polarizability. We use the nuclear Density Functional Theory with several accurately calibrated non-relativistic and relativistic energy density functionals. To assess the degree of correlation between nuclear observables and to explore systematic and statistical uncertainties on theoretical predictions, we employ the chi-square statistical covariance technique. We find a strong correlation between the weak-charge form factor and the neutron radius, that allows for an accurate determination of the neutron skin of neutron-rich nuclei. We determine the optimal range of the momentum transfer $q$ that maximizes the information content of the measured weak-charge form factor and quantify the uncertainties associated with the strange quark contribution. Moreover, we confirm the role of the electric-dipole polarizability as a strong isovector indicator. Accurate measurements of the weak-charge form factor of ${}^{48}$Ca and ${}^{208}$Pb will have a profound impact on many aspects of nuclear theory and hadronic measurements of neutron skins of exotic nuclei at radioactive-beam facilities.