Cyclic models of the relativistic universe: the early history

TL;DR

This paper reviews the development of cyclic and oscillating relativistic universe models from 1922 to the 1960s, highlighting their historical context, key contributors, and influence on modern big-bang cosmology.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive historical overview of cyclic universe models and emphasizes their role in shaping contemporary cosmological theories.

Findings

Cyclic models date back to Friedmann's 1922 work.

Tolman proposed an endless series of cycles.

Bouncing models influenced modern big-bang cosmology.

Abstract

Within the framework of relativistic cosmology oscillating or cyclic models of the universe were introduced by A. Friedmann in his seminal paper of 1922. With the recognition of evolutionary cosmology in the 1930s this class of closed models attracted considerable interest and was investigated by several physicists and astronomers. Whereas the Friedmann-Einstein model exhibited only a single maximum value, R. Tolman argued for an endless series of cycles. After World War II, cyclic or pulsating models were suggested by W. Bonnor and H. Zanstra, among others, but they remained peripheral to mainstream cosmology. The paper reviews the development from 1922 to the 1960s, paying particular attention to the works of Friedmann, Einstein, Tolman and Zanstra. It also points out the role played by bouncing models in the emergence of modern big-bang cosmology.