Superfluid phases of $^3$He in a periodic confined geometry

TL;DR

This paper investigates the phase behavior of superfluid helium-3 confined in a two-dimensional periodic lattice, revealing inhomogeneous phases and phase transitions influenced by boundary conditions and geometric parameters.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed numerical analysis of superfluid $^3$He in a periodic geometry, identifying new inhomogeneous phases and phase transitions based on boundary conditions and lattice parameters.

Findings

Discovery of a transition from normal to a polar phase in confined superfluid $^3$He.

Identification of a critical post dimension $d_c$ affecting phase stability.

Observation of a low-temperature inhomogeneous B-like phase with $D_{4h}$ symmetry.

Abstract

Predictions and discoveries of new phases of superfluid $^3$He in confined geometries, as well as novel topological excitations confined to surfaces and edges of near a bounding surface of $^3$He, are driving the fields of superfluid $^3$He infused into porous media, as well as the fabrication of sub-micron to nano-scale devices for controlled studies of quantum fluids. In this report we consider superfluid $^3$He confined in a periodic geometry, specifically a two-dimensional lattice of square, sub-micron-scale boundaries ("posts") with translational invariance in the third dimension. The equilibrium phase(s) are inhomogeneous and depend on the microscopic boundary conditions imposed by a periodic array of posts. We present results for the order parameter and phase diagram based on strong pair breaking at the boundaries. The ordered phases are obtained by numerically minimizing the Ginzburg-Landau free energy functional. We report results for the weak-coupling limit, appropriate at ambient pressure, as a function of temperature T, lattice spacing L, and post edge dimension, $d$. For all $d$ in which a superfluid transition occurs, we find a transition from the normal state to a periodic, inhomogeneous "polar" phase with $T_{c_1} < T_c$ for bulk superfluid $^3$He. For fixed lattice spacing, L, there is a critical post dimension, d_c, above which only the periodic polar phase is stable. For $d < d_c$ we find a second, low-temperature phase onsetting at $T_{c_2} < T_{c_1}$ from the polar phase to a periodic "B-like" phase. The low temperature phase is inhomogeneous, anisotropic and preserves time-reversal symmetry, but unlike the bulk B-phase has only $D_{4h}$ point symmetry.