Candidate Type II Quasars at 2 < z < 4.3 in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III

TL;DR

This paper identifies and characterizes 145 candidate Type II quasars at redshifts 2 to 4.3 from SDSS III, revealing their properties, luminosities, and polarization, and suggesting they are luminous, modestly obscured quasars with significant scattering.

Contribution

First large sample of high-redshift Type II quasar candidates from SDSS III, with detailed analysis of their spectral energy distributions and polarization.

Findings

145 candidate Type II quasars identified at 2<z<4.3

Objects show intermediate SEDs between Type I and II quasars

Detected bolometric luminosities of several times 10^46 erg/s

Abstract

At low redshifts, dust-obscured quasars often have strong yet narrow permitted lines in the rest-frame optical and ultraviolet, excited by the central active nucleus, earning the designation Type II quasars. We present a sample of 145 candidate Type II quasars at redshifts between 2 and 4.3, encompassing the epoch at which quasar activity peaked in the universe. These objects, selected from the quasar sample of the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III, are characterized by weak continuum in the rest-frame ultraviolet (typical continuum magnitude of i \approx 22) and strong lines of CIV and Ly \alpha, with Full Width at Half Maximum less than 2000 kms-1. The continuum magnitudes correspond to an absolute magnitude of -23 or brighter at redshift 3, too bright to be due exclusively to the host galaxies of these objects. Roughly one third of the objects are detected in the shorter-wavelength bands of the WISE survey; the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of these objects appear to be intermediate between classic Type I and Type II quasars seen at lower redshift. Five objects are detected at rest frame 6\mu m by Spitzer, implying bolometric luminosities of several times 10^46 erg s-1. We have obtained polarization measurements for two objects; they are roughly 3% polarized. We suggest that these objects are luminous quasars, with modest dust extinction (A_V ~ 0.5 mag), whose ultraviolet continuum also includes a substantial scattering contribution. Alternatively, the line of sight to the central engines of these objects may be partially obscured by optically thick material.