Groups all of whose undirected Cayley graphs are integral

TL;DR

This paper classifies all finite groups for which every undirected Cayley graph has an integer spectrum, completing the understanding of Cayley integral groups beyond the abelian case.

Contribution

It provides a complete classification of finite non-abelian Cayley integral groups, identifying specific groups like S3, C3⋉C4, and quaternion-based groups.

Findings

Finite non-abelian Cayley integral groups are limited to S3, C3⋉C4, and quaternion groups with C2 powers.

Classification extends previous results on abelian groups to non-abelian groups.

The groups identified have all Cayley graphs with integral spectra.

Abstract

Let $G$ be a finite group, $S\subseteq G\setminus\{1\}$ be a set such that if $a\in S$, then $a^{-1}\in S$, where $1$ denotes the identity element of $G$. The undirected Cayley graph $Cay(G,S)$ of $G$ over the set $S$ is the graph whose vertex set is $G$ and two vertices $a$ and $b$ are adjacent whenever $ab^{-1}\in S$. The adjacency spectrum of a graph is the multiset of all eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of the graph. A graph is called integral whenever all adjacency spectrum elements are integers. Following Klotz and Sander, we call a group $G$ Cayley integral whenever all undirected Cayley graphs over $G$ are integral. Finite abelian Cayley integral groups are classified by Klotz and Sander as finite abelian groups of exponent dividing $4$ or $6$. Klotz and Sander have proposed the determination of all non-abelian Cayley integral groups. In this paper we complete the classification of finite Cayley integral groups by proving that finite non-abelian Cayley integral groups are the symmetric group $S_{3}$ of degree $3$, $C_{3} \rtimes C_{4}$ and $Q_{8}\times C_{2}^{n}$ for some integer $n\geq 0$, where $Q_8$ is the quaternion group of order $8$.