Transmission grid extensions during the build-up of a fully renewable pan-European electricity supply

TL;DR

This study analyzes how expanding the European transmission grid can reduce backup energy needs during the transition to fully renewable electricity, highlighting optimal wind-solar mixes and import-export dynamics.

Contribution

It quantifies the impact of transmission capacity expansion on backup energy reduction and optimal renewable mixes during Europe's VRES build-up.

Findings

Doubling NTCs reduces backup energy by 26%.

Quadrupling NTCs reduces backup energy by 33%.

Optimal wind share increases from 70% to 80% with grid expansion.

Abstract

Spatio-temporal generation patterns for wind and solar photovoltaic power in Europe are used to investigate the future rise in transmission needs with an increasing penetration of these variable renewable energy sources (VRES) on the pan-European electricity system. VRES growth predictions according to the official National Renewable Energy Action Plans of the EU countries are used and extrapolated logistically up to a fully VRES-supplied power system. We find that keeping today's international net transfer capacities (NTCs) fixed over the next forty years reduces the final need for backup energy by 13% when compared to the situation with no NTCs. An overall doubling of today's NTCs will lead to a 26% reduction, and an overall quadrupling to a 33% reduction. The remaining need for backup energy is due to correlations in the generation patterns, and cannot be further reduced by transmission. The main investments in transmission lines are due during the ramp-up of VRES from 15% (as planned for 2020) to 80%. Additionally, our results show how the optimal mix between wind and solar energy shifts from about 70% to 80% wind share as the transmission grid is enhanced. Finally, we exemplify how reinforced transmission affects the import and export opportunities of single countries during the VRES ramp-up.