Direct evidence for a Coulombic phase in monopole-suppressed SU(2) lattice gauge theory

TL;DR

This paper provides direct evidence for a Coulombic phase in monopole-suppressed SU(2) lattice gauge theory, showing a non-confining phase with a Coulomb potential and possible infrared fixed point.

Contribution

It demonstrates that removing monopoles prevents the transition to a confining phase and reveals a Coulombic potential with a running coupling, using high-precision lattice simulations.

Findings

Percolation transition of monopoles coincides with phase transition.

Coulomb potential observed up to 2 fm with a possible infrared fixed point.

Monopole suppression prevents confinement at all couplings.

Abstract

Further evidence is presented for the existence of a non-confining phase at weak coupling in SU(2) lattice gauge theory. Using Monte Carlo simulations with the standard Wilson action, gauge-invariant SO(3)-Z2 monopoles, which are strong-coupling lattice artifacts, have been seen to undergo a percolation transition exactly at the phase transition previously seen using Coulomb-gauge methods, with an infinite lattice critical point near $\beta = 3.2$. The theory with both Z2 vortices and monopoles and SO(3)-Z2 monopoles eliminated is simulated in the strong coupling ($\beta = 0$) limit on lattices up to $60^4$. Here, as in the high-$\beta$ phase of the Wilson action theory, finite size scaling shows it spontaneously breaks the remnant symmetry left over after Coulomb gauge fixing. Such a symmetry breaking precludes the potential from having a linear term. The monopole restriction appears to prevent the transition to a confining phase at any $\beta$. Direct measurement of the instantaneous Coulomb potential shows a Coulombic form with moderately running coupling possibly approaching an infrared fixed point of $\alpha \sim 1.4$. The Coulomb potential is measured to 50 lattice spacings and 2 fm. A short-distance fit to the 2-loop perturbative potential is used to set the scale. High precision at such long distances is made possible through the use of open boundary conditions, which was previously found to cut random and systematic errors of the Coulomb gauge fixing procedure dramatically. The Coulomb potential agrees with the gauge-invariant interquark potential measured with smeared Wilson loops on periodic lattices as far as the latter can be practically measured with similar statistics data.