Sawtooth patterns in biomolecules force-extension curves: an equilibrium-statistical-mechanics theory

TL;DR

This paper develops an equilibrium statistical mechanics model explaining sawtooth patterns in biomolecule force-extension curves, revealing multiple stable branches and phase transitions similar to experimental observations.

Contribution

It introduces a theoretical framework that captures the sawtooth force-extension behavior in biomolecules through a mesoscopic free energy model with global constraints.

Findings

Multiple force-extension branches identified

First-order phase transitions at specific lengths

Force jumps consistent with experimental data

Abstract

We analyze the force-extension curve for a general class of systems, which are described at the mesoscopic level by a free energy depending on the extension of its components. Similarly to what is done in real experiments, the total length of the system is the controlled parameter. This imposes a global constraint in the minimization procedure leading to the equilibrium values of the extensions. As a consequence, the force-extension curve has multiple branches in a certain range of forces. The stability of these branches is governed by the free energy: there are a series of first-order phase transitions at certain values of the total length, in which the free energy itself is continuous but its first derivative, the force, has a finite jump. This behavior is completely similar to the one observed in real experiments with biomolecules like proteins, and other complex systems.