Monte Carlo investigation into feasibility and dosimetry of flat Flattening Filter Free beams

TL;DR

This study used Monte Carlo simulations to explore the feasibility of producing flat flattening filter free (FFF) beams without a filter, achieving comparable or better flatness and dose distribution for large fields.

Contribution

The paper demonstrates a method to generate flat FFF beams through optimized electron incident distributions, eliminating the need for a flattening filter.

Findings

F4 beams showed improved flatness over FFF beams.

Flatness comparable to FF beams up to 35 cm field size.

Out-of-field dose was significantly reduced in F4 beams.

Abstract

Flattening filter free (FFF) beams due to their non-uniformity, are sub-optimal for larger field sizes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incident electron beam distributions that would produce flat FFF beams without the use of flattening filter. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations with BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc codes have been performed to evaluate the feasibility of this approach. The dose distributions in water for open 6MV beams were simulated using Varian 21EX linac head model, which will be called flattening filter (FF) model. Flattening filter has then been removed from FF model, and MC simulations were performed using (1) 6 MeV electrons incident on the target, (2) 6 MeV electron beam with electron angular distributions optimized to provide as flat dose profiles as possible. Configuration (1) represents FFF beam while configuration (2) allowed producing a flat FFF (F4) beam. Optimizations have also been performed to produce flattest profiles for a set of dose rates (DRs) in the range from 1.25 to 2.4 of the DR of FF beam. Profiles and percentage depth doses PDDs from 6MV F4 beams have been calculated and compared to those from FF beam. Calculated profiles demonstrated improved flatness of the FFF beams. In fact, up to field sizes within the circle of 35 cm diameter the flatness of F4 beam at dmax was better or comparable to that of FF beam. At 20 cm off-axis the dose increased from 52% for FFF to 92% for F4 beam. Also, profiles of F4 beams did not change considerably with depth, and for large fields out-of-field dose was reduced by about a factor of two compared to FF beam. PDDs from F4 beams were similar to those of FFF beam. The DR for the largest modeled (44 cm diameter) F4 beam was higher than the DR from FF beam by a factor of 1.25. It was shown that the DR can be increased while maintaining beam flatness, but at the cost of reduced field size.