GRB 081007 and GRB 090424: the surrounding medium, outflows and supernovae

TL;DR

This paper analyzes multi-wavelength data of two GRB afterglows, revealing their surrounding media, outflow properties, and associated supernovae, with implications for GRB progenitors and emission mechanisms.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the circumburst environments, shock physics, and the nature of prompt emission in GRBs 081007 and 090424, including the first detailed analysis of their afterglows and supernova associations.

Findings

GRB 081007's afterglow propagates into a constant-density medium.

GRB 081007 is associated with a supernova similar to SN 1998bw but less luminous.

The prompt emission of GRB 081007 may be due to magnetic energy dissipation.

Abstract

We discuss the results of the analysis of multi-wavelength data for the afterglows of GRB 081007 and GRB 090424, two bursts detected by Swift. One of them, GRB 081007, also shows a spectroscopically confirmed supernova, SN 2008hw, which resembles SN 1998bw in its absorption features, while the maximum luminosity is only about half as large as that of SN 1998bw. Bright optical flashes have been detected in both events, which allows us to derive solid constraints on the circumburst-matter density profile. This is particularly interesting in the case of GRB 081007, whose afterglow is found to be propagating into a constant-density medium, yielding yet another example of a GRB clearly associated with a massive star progenitor which did not sculpt the surroundings with its stellar wind. There is no supernova component detected in the afterglow of GRB 090424, likely due to the brightness of the host galaxy, comparable to the Milky Way. We show that the afterglow data are consistent with the presence of both forward- and reverse-shock emission powered by relativistic outflows expanding into the interstellar medium. The absence of optical peaks due to the forward shock strongly suggests that the reverse shock regions should be mildly magnetized. The initial Lorentz factor of outflow of GRB 081007 is estimated to be \Gamma ~ 200, while for GRB 090424 a lower limit of \Gamma > 170 is derived. We also discuss the prompt emission of GRB 081007, which consists of just a single pulse. We argue that neither the external forward-shock model nor the shock-breakout model can account for the prompt emission data and suggest that the single-pulse-like prompt emission may be due to magnetic energy dissipation of a Poynting-flux dominated outflow or to a dissipative photosphere.