Planet or Brown Dwarf? Inferring the Companion Mass in HD 100546 from the Wall Shape using Mid-Infrared Interferometry

TL;DR

This study uses mid-infrared interferometry and hydrodynamical simulations to determine that the companion shaping the disk gap in HD 100546 is likely a brown dwarf with a mass around 60 Jupiter masses, influenced by disk viscosity.

Contribution

It introduces a method combining interferometry and hydrodynamical modeling to estimate the mass of unseen companions in protoplanetary disks.

Findings

The disk wall is rounded, indicating a massive companion.

A brown dwarf of approximately 60 Jupiter masses is most likely responsible.

Disk viscosity significantly affects the inferred companion mass.

Abstract

Giant planets form in protoplanetary disks while these disks are still gas-rich, and can reveal their presence through the annular gaps they carve out. HD 100546 is a gas-rich disk with a wide gap between between a radius of ~1 and 13 AU, possibly cleared out by a planetary companion or planetary system. We want to identify the nature of the unseen companion near the far end of the disk gap. We use mid-infrared interferometry at multiple baselines to constrain the curvature of the disk wall at the far end of the gap. We use 2D hydrodynamical simulations of embedded planets and brown dwarfs to estimate viscosity of the disk and the mass of a companion close to the disk wall. We find that the disk wall at the far end of the gap is not vertical, but rounded-off by a gradient in the surface density. Such a gradient can be reproduced in hydrodynamical simulations with a single, heavy companion (>=30...80 M_Jup) while the disk has viscosity of at least \alpha{} >~ 5 10^-3. Taking into account the changes in the temperature structure after gap opening reduces the lower limit on the planet mass and disk viscosity to 20 M_Jup and \alpha{} = 2 10^-3. The object in the disk gap of HD 100546 that shapes the disk wall is most likely a 60(+20)(-40) M_Jup brown dwarf, while the disk viscosity is estimated to be at least \alpha{} = 2 10^-3. The disk viscosity is an important factor in estimating planetary masses from disk morphologies: more viscous disks need heavier planets to open an equally deep gap.