Modeling and Control of Rare Segments in BitTorrent with Epidemic Dynamics

TL;DR

This paper develops an epidemic-based model for BitTorrent that demonstrates how the rarest-segment first rule optimizes file dissemination, enhances cooperation, and prevents rare segment extinction, while analyzing trade-offs in system performance.

Contribution

It introduces a simple epidemic model for two-segment BitTorrent swarms, showing how the rarest-segment first rule improves efficiency and cooperation, and explores alternative dissemination strategies.

Findings

Rarest-segment first rule minimizes transition time to complete file acquisition.

The rule equalizes segment populations in steady-state.

Alternative dissemination rules can increase file acquisition times to encourage cooperation.

Abstract

Despite its existing incentives for leecher cooperation, BitTorrent file sharing fundamentally relies on the presence of seeder peers. Seeder peers essentially operate outside the BitTorrent incentives, with two caveats: slow downlinks lead to increased numbers of "temporary" seeders (who left their console, but will terminate their seeder role when they return), and the copyright liability boon that file segmentation offers for permanent seeders. Using a simple epidemic model for a two-segment BitTorrent swarm, we focus on the BitTorrent rule to disseminate the (locally) rarest segments first. With our model, we show that the rarest-segment first rule minimizes transition time to seeder (complete file acquisition) and equalizes the segment populations in steady-state. We discuss how alternative dissemination rules may {\em beneficially increase} file acquisition times causing leechers to remain in the system longer (particularly as temporary seeders). The result is that leechers are further enticed to cooperate. This eliminates the threat of extinction of rare segments which is prevented by the needed presence of permanent seeders. Our model allows us to study the corresponding trade-offs between performance improvement, load on permanent seeders, and content availability, which we leave for future work. Finally, interpreting the two-segment model as one involving a rare segment and a "lumped" segment representing the rest, we study a model that jointly considers control of rare segments and different uplinks causing "choking," where high-uplink peers will not engage in certain transactions with low-uplink peers.