A low-mass cut-off near the hydrogen burning limit for Salpeter-like initial mass functions in early-type galaxies

TL;DR

This study combines gravitational lensing, stellar dynamics, and spectroscopic analysis to determine that the initial mass function in two early-type galaxies is consistent with a Salpeter slope and has a low-mass cut-off just above the hydrogen burning limit.

Contribution

It provides the first direct inference of the low-mass cut-off of the IMF in early-type galaxies using combined independent methods.

Findings

IMF in both galaxies is consistent with Salpeter slope

Steeper IMFs (x >= 3.0) are decisively ruled out

Low-mass cut-off is approximately 0.13 solar masses

Abstract

We conduct a detailed investigation of the properties of the stellar initial mass function (IMF) in two massive early-type lens galaxies with velocity dispersions of sigma ~245 km/s and sigma ~325 km/s, for which both HST imaging and X-Shooter spectra are available. We compare the inferences obtained from two fully independent methods: (i) a combined gravitational lensing and stellar dynamics (L&D) analysis of the data sets employing self-consistent axisymmetric models, and (ii) a spectroscopic simple stellar population (SSP) analysis of optical line-strength indices, assuming single power-law IMFs. The results from the two approaches are found to be in agreement within the 1-sigma uncertainties. Both galaxies are consistent with having a Salpeter IMF (power-law slope of x = 2.35), which is strongly favoured over a Chabrier IMF (x = 1.8), with probabilities inferred from the joint analysis of 89% and 99%, respectively. Bottom-heavy IMFs significantly steeper than Salpeter (x >= 3.0) are ruled out with decisive evidence (Bayes factor B > 1000) for both galaxies, as they exceed the total mass derived from the L&D constraints. Our analysis allows, for the first time, the inference of the low-mass cut-off of the IMF (M_low). Combining the joint L&D and SSP analyses of both galaxies, we infer an IMF slope of x = 2.22 +/- 0.14, consistent with Salpeter IMF, and a low-mass limit M_low = 0.13 +/- 0.03 M_sun, just above the hydrogen burning limit.