Approximations of quantum-graph vertex couplings by singularly scaled potentials

TL;DR

This paper studies how certain scaled quantum potentials on star graphs approximate different types of vertex couplings, revealing conditions under which the limit operators are scale-invariant or energy-dependent.

Contribution

It characterizes the limit behavior of Schrödinger operators with scaled potentials on star graphs, linking zero-energy resonances to specific vertex couplings and their scale-invariance.

Findings

Zero-energy resonance order determines the number of parameters in the limiting vertex coupling.

Norm-resolvent convergence and scattering matrix convergence are established.

Vertex couplings can be scale-invariant or energy-dependent depending on the derivative of λ at zero.

Abstract

We investigate the limit properties of a family of Schr\"odinger operators of the form $H_\varepsilon= -\frac{\mathrm{d}^2}{\mathrm{d}x^2}+ \frac{\lambda(\varepsilon)}{\varepsilon^2}Q \big(\frac{x}{\varepsilon}\big)$ acting on $n$-edge star graphs with Kirchhoff conditions imposed at the vertex. The real-valued potential $Q$ is supposed to have compact support and $\lambda(\cdot)$ to be analytic around $\varepsilon=0$ with $\lambda(0)=1$. We show that if the operator has a zero-energy resonance of order $m$ for $\varepsilon=1$ and $\lambda(1)=1$, in the limit $\varepsilon\to 0$ one obtains the Laplacian with a vertex coupling depending on $1+\frac12 m(2n-m+1)$ parameters. We prove the norm-resolvent convergence as well as the convergence of the corresponding on-shell scattering matrices. The obtained vertex couplings are of scale-invariant type provided $\lambda'(0)=0$; otherwise the scattering matrix depends on energy and the scaled potential becomes asymptotically opaque in the low-energy limit.