Controlling active self-assembly through broken particle symmetries

TL;DR

This paper investigates how breaking particle symmetries influences collective behaviors in active matter, revealing that small asymmetries can lead to diverse self-assembled structures and dynamic states.

Contribution

It demonstrates that minor violations of fore-aft symmetry in particles can significantly alter collective motion and self-assembly in active systems.

Findings

Broken particle symmetry induces demixing of species.

Small asymmetries lead to formation of micro-rotors.

Particle shape variation controls active matter self-assembly.

Abstract

Many structural properties of conventional passive materials are known to arise from the symmetries of their microscopic constituents. By contrast, it is largely unclear how the interplay between cell shape and self-propulsion controls the meso- and macroscale behavior of active matter. Here, we analyze large-scale simulations of homo- and heterogeneous self-propelled particle systems to identify generic effects of broken particle symmetry on collective motion. We find that even small violations of fore-aft symmetry lead to fundamentally different collective behaviors, which may facilitate demixing of differently shaped species as well as the spontaneous formation of stable micro-rotors. These results suggest that variation of particle shape yields robust physical mechanisms to control self-assembly of active matter, with possibly profound implications for biology and materials design.