Systematic Uncertainties In Constraining Dark Matter Annihilation From The Cosmic Microwave Background

TL;DR

This paper critically examines systematic uncertainties in deriving dark matter annihilation constraints from CMB anisotropies, improving particle energy loss modeling and assessing their impact on the robustness of these bounds.

Contribution

It introduces more accurate treatments of particle energy propagation and absorption, quantifies their effects on CMB constraints, and evaluates the influence of different assumptions and computational tools.

Findings

More accurate energy loss modeling weakens some DM constraints by up to a factor of two.

Uncertainties in low-energy propagation do not significantly affect current and future CMB constraints.

Choice of recombination code has negligible impact on the results.

Abstract

Anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) have proven to be a very powerful tool to constrain dark matter annihilation at the epoch of recombination. However, CMB constraints are currently derived using a number of reasonable but yet un-tested assumptions that could potentially lead to a misestimation of the true bounds. In this paper we examine the potential impact of these systematic effects. In particular, we separately study the propagation of the secondary particles produced by annihilation in two energy regimes; first following the shower from the initial particle energy to the keV scale, and then tracking the resulting secondary particles from this scale to the absorption of their energy as heat, ionization, or excitation of the medium. We improve both the high and low energy parts of the calculation, in particular finding that our more accurate treatment of losses to sub-10.2 eV photons produced by scattering of high-energy electrons weakens the constraints on particular DM annihilation models by up to a factor of two. On the other hand, we find that the uncertainties we examine for the low energy propagation do not significantly affect the results for current and upcoming CMB data. We include the evaluation of the precise amount of excitation energy, in the form of Lyman-alpha photons, produced by the propagation of the shower, and examine the effects of varying the Helium fraction and Helium ionization fraction. In the recent literature, simple approximations for the fraction of energy absorbed in different channels have often been used to derive CMB constraints: we assess the impact of using accurate versus approximate energy fractions. Finally we check that the choice of recombination code (between RECFAST v1.5 and COSMOREC), to calculate the evolution of the free electron fraction in the presence of dark matter annihilation, introduces negligible differences.