The lithium isotopic ratio in very metal-poor stars

TL;DR

This study uses advanced 3D NLTE models to analyze lithium isotopic ratios in very metal-poor stars, finding no significant 6Li detection and challenging previous claims of early universe 6Li production.

Contribution

It introduces the first 3D NLTE modeling approach for Li, Na, and Ca lines in halo stars, improving isotopic ratio constraints and revising previous 6Li detection claims.

Findings

No significant 6Li detection in the sample stars.

NLTE modeling reduces isotopic ratios by up to five percentage points.

First 3D NLTE Ca and Na abundances in halo stars.

Abstract

Un-evolved, very metal-poor stars are the most important tracers of the cosmic abundance of lithium in the early universe. Combining the standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis model with Galactic production through cosmic ray spallation, these stars at [Fe/H]<-2 are expected to show an undetectably small 6Li/7Li isotopic signature. Evidence to the contrary may necessitate an additional pre-galactic production source or a revision of the standard model of Big Bang nucleosynthesis. We revisit the isotopic analysis of four halo stars, two with claimed 6Li-detections in the literature, to investigate the influence of improved model atmospheres and line formation treatment. For the first time, a combined 3D, NLTE (non-local thermodynamic equilibrium) modelling technique for Li, Na, and Ca lines is utilised to constrain the intrinsic line-broadening and to determine the Li isotopic ratio. We discuss the influence of 3D NLTE effects on line profile shapes and assess the realism of our modelling using the Ca excitation and ionisation balance. By accounting for NLTE line formation in realistic 3D hydrodynamical model atmospheres, we can model the Li resonance line and other neutral lines with a consistency that is superior to LTE, with no need for additional line asymmetry caused by the presence of 6Li. Contrary to the results from 1D and 3D LTE modelling, no star in our sample has a significant 2-sigma detection of the lighter isotope in NLTE. Over a large parameter space, NLTE modelling systematically reduces the best-fit Li isotopic ratios by up to five percentage points. As a bi-product, we also present the first ever 3D NLTE Ca and Na abundances of halo stars, which reveal significant departures from LTE. The observational support for a significant and non-standard 6Li production source in the early universe is substantially weakened by our findings.