Homogeneous steady states in a granular fluid driven by a stochastic bath with friction

TL;DR

This paper investigates the steady states of a driven granular fluid, analyzing how stochastic and frictional forces influence the velocity distribution and non-Gaussian properties using simulations and theoretical expansions.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analysis of homogeneous steady states in driven granular gases, combining simulations with Sonine polynomial expansions to characterize non-Gaussian velocity distributions.

Findings

Distribution function depends on restitution coefficient and driving parameters

Sonine polynomial expansion accurately predicts non-Gaussian moments

Non-Gaussian corrections are smaller than in undriven granular gases

Abstract

The homogeneous state of a granular flow of smooth inelastic hard spheres or disks described by the Enskog-Boltzmann kinetic equation is analyzed. The granular gas is fluidized by the presence of a random force and a drag force. The combined action of both forces, that act homogeneously on the granular gas, tries to mimic the interaction of the set of particles with a surrounding fluid. The first stochastic force thermalizes the system, providing for the necessary energy recovery to keep the system in its gas state at all times, whereas the second force allows us to mimic the action of the surrounding fluid viscosity. After a transient regime, the gas reaches a steady state characterized by a \emph{scaled} distribution function $\varphi$ that does not only depend on the dimensionless velocity $\mathbf{c}\equiv \mathbf{v}/v_0$ ($v_0$ being the thermal velocity) but also on the dimensionless driving force parameters. The dependence of $\varphi$ and its first relevant velocity moments $a_2$ and $a_3$ (which measure non-Gaussian properties of $\varphi$) on both the coefficient of restitution $\al$ and the driven parameters is widely investigated by means of the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. In addition, approximate forms for $a_2$ and $a_3$ are also derived from an expansion of $\varphi$ in Sonine polynomials. The theoretical expressions of the above Sonine coefficients agree well with simulation data, even for quite small values of $\alpha$. Moreover, the third order expansion of the distribution function makes a significant accuracy improvement for larger velocities and inelasticities. Results also show that the non-Gaussian corrections to the distribution function $\varphi$ are smaller than those observed for undriven granular gases.