A Novel Approach to Constrain the Mass Ratio of Minor Mergers in Elliptical Galaxies: Application to NGC 4889, the Brightest Cluster Galaxy in Coma

TL;DR

This study identifies shell features in NGC 4889, uses photometric analysis to determine their origin, and introduces a new method to estimate the mass ratio of minor mergers in elliptical galaxies.

Contribution

It presents a novel approach combining photometric decomposition and color analysis to constrain the mass ratio of minor mergers in elliptical galaxies.

Findings

Shell features are from a minor merger with a galaxy of ~1/90th the mass.

The shells are bluer, indicating a different stellar population from the host.

The methodology can be applied to other early-type galaxies.

Abstract

Minor mergers are thought to be important for the build-up and structural evolution of massive elliptical galaxies. In this work, we report the discovery of a system of four shell features in NGC 4889, one of the brightest members of the Coma cluster, using optical images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The shells are well aligned with the major axis of the host and are likely to have been formed by the accretion of a small satellite galaxy. We have performed a detailed two-dimensional photometric decomposition of NGC 4889 and of the many overlapping nearby galaxies in its vicinity. This comprehensive model allows us not only to firmly detect the low-surface brightness shells, but, crucially, also to accurately measure their luminosities and colors. The shells are bluer than the underlying stars at the same radius in the main galaxy. We make use of the colors of the shells and the color-magnitude relation of the Coma cluster to infer the luminosity (or mass) of the progenitor galaxy. The shells in NGC 4889 appear to have been produced by the minor merger of a moderate-luminosity (M_I ~ -18.7 mag) disk (S0 or spiral) galaxy with a luminosity (mass) ratio of ~ 90:1 with respect to the primary galaxy. The novel methodology presented in this work can be exploited to decode the fossil record imprinted in the photometric substructure of other nearby early-type galaxies.