Principles of equilibrium statistical mechanics revisited: The idea of vortex energy

TL;DR

This paper revisits equilibrium statistical mechanics, introducing the concept of vortex energy as a complementary, integral form of energy that challenges traditional thermodynamic principles and explains phenomena like persistent currents.

Contribution

It proposes the vortex energy concept as a new fundamental aspect of energy conservation, extending the understanding of thermodynamic systems beyond classical statistical mechanics.

Findings

Vortex energy is integral and non-quantized.

Vortex energy causes phenomena contrary to classical equilibrium predictions.

Questions traditional thermodynamics and entropy law.

Abstract

We show that the law of energy conservation with the fact of matter stability imply the existence of energy complementary to that given by the function of states of interacting systems and treated, with the environment, the function of states of interacting extended systems. The complementary energy, we called it vortex, is integral, not quantized, and causes trends contrary to that prescribed by equilibrium statistical mechanics. We formulate its principles and theorems, and question traditional insights in thermodynamics, entropy law, phase transitions, persistent currents, Brownian motion.