Turbovelocity Stars: Kicks Resulting From the Tidal Disruption of Solitary Stars

TL;DR

This paper investigates how solitary stars near supermassive black holes can gain significant velocity kicks through tidal disruption, creating a new class of high-velocity stars called 'turbovelocity' stars.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of velocity kicks from solitary star disruptions, showing these stars can be ejected from the black hole's influence and estimating their prevalence.

Findings

Tidal disruption can impart velocity kicks up to the star's escape velocity.

Approximately 1% of stars within 10 pc of the galactic center are affected.

Turbovelocity stars may initially be redder, then become bluer and brighter over time.

Abstract

The centers of most known galaxies host supermassive black holes (SMBHs). In orbit around these black holes are a centrally-concentrated distribution of stars, both in single and in binary systems. Occasionally, these stars are perturbed onto orbits that bring them close to the SMBH. If the star is in a binary system, the three-body interaction with the SMBH can lead to large changes in orbital energy, depositing one of the two stars on a tightly-bound orbit, and its companion into a hyperbolic orbit that may escape the galaxy. In this Letter, we show that the disruption of solitary stars can also lead to large positive increases in orbital energy. The kick velocity depends on the amount of mass the star loses at pericenter, but not on the ratio of black hole to stellar mass, and are at most the star's own escape velocity. We find that these kicks are usually too small to result in the ejection of stars from the Milky Way, but can eject the stars from the black hole's sphere of influence, reducing their probability of being disrupted again. We estimate that ~10^5 stars, ~1% of all stars within 10 pc of the galactic center, are likely to have had mass removed by the central black hole through tidal interaction, and speculate that these "turbovelocity" stars will at first be redder, but eventually bluer, and always brighter than their unharrassed peers.