Evolution of blue supergiants and \alpha Cygni variables; Puzzling CNO surface abundances

TL;DR

This study investigates how stellar pulsations can reveal the evolutionary history of blue supergiants, distinguishing those that evolved directly from the main sequence from those that went through a red supergiant phase, using models and observations.

Contribution

It demonstrates that pulsation properties, especially radial and nonradial modes, can serve as diagnostics to determine the prior evolution of blue supergiants, a novel approach in stellar evolution studies.

Findings

Radial pulsations are excited only in models that previously were red supergiants.

Nonradial pulsations are more prevalent in models after the red supergiant stage.

Predicted pulsation periods roughly match observed periods in ygni variables.

Abstract

A massive star can enter the blue supergiant region either evolving directly from the main-sequence, or evolving from a previous red supergiant stage. The fractions of the blue supergiants having different histories depend on the internal mixing and mass-loss during the red supergiant stage. We study the possibility to use diagnostics based on stellar pulsation to discriminate blue supergiants having different evolution histories. For this purpose we have studied the pulsation property of massive star models calculated with the Geneva stellar evolution code for initial masses ranging from 8 to 50 M$_\odot$ with a solar metallicity of $Z=0.014$. We have found that radial pulsations are excited in the blue-supergiant region only in the models that had been red-supergiants before. This would provide us with a useful mean to diagnose the history of evolution of each blue-supergiant. At a given effective temperature, much more nonradial pulsations are excited in the model after the red-supergiant stage than in the model evolving towards the red-supergiant. The properties of radial and nonradial pulsations in blue supergiants are discussed. Predicted periods are compared with period ranges observed in some \alpha-Cygni variables in the Galaxy and NGC 300. We have found that blue supergiant models after the red-supergiant stage roughly agree with observed period ranges in most cases. However, we are left with the puzzle that the predicted surface N/C and N/O ratios seem to be too high compared with those of Deneb and Rigel.