Pulsar Timing Array Analysis for Black Hole Backgrounds

TL;DR

This paper examines the effectiveness of current pulsar timing array analysis methods in detecting gravitational waves from supermassive black hole binaries, highlighting limitations and potential improvements for anisotropic signals.

Contribution

It demonstrates that the standard Hellings-Downs correlation remains valid for point sources and discusses possible enhancements to account for anisotropic signals.

Findings

Hellings-Downs curve holds for point sources

Small sample size blurs Gaussian vs deterministic signals

Standard analysis is not optimal but still useful

Abstract

An astrophysical population of supermassive black hole binaries is thought to be the strongest source of gravitational waves in the frequency range covered by Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs). A potential cause for concern is that the standard cross-correlation method used in PTA data analysis assumes that the signals are isotropically distributed and Gaussian random, while the signals from a black hole population are likely to be anisotropic and deterministic. Here we argue that while the conventional analysis is not optimal, it is not hopeless either, as the standard Hellings-Downs correlation curve turns out to hold for point sources, and the small effective number of signal samples blurs the distinction between Gaussian and deterministic signals. Possible improvements to the standard cross-correlation analysis that account for the anisotropy of the signal are discussed.