New gravity-capillary waves at low speeds. Part 1: Linear geometries

TL;DR

This paper introduces new classes of gravity-capillary waves at low speeds using exponential asymptotics, revealing phenomena beyond traditional linear theory and providing two complementary derivation methods.

Contribution

It develops a novel exponential asymptotics approach to identify gravity-capillary waves overlooked by standard linear theory, enhancing understanding of wave formation at low Froude and Bond numbers.

Findings

Discovered new classes of gravity-capillary waves.

Validated results using Fourier transforms and exponential asymptotics.

Showed waves are exponentially small and beyond-all-orders of regular asymptotics.

Abstract

When traditional linearised theory is used to study gravity-capillary waves produced by flow past an obstruction, the geometry of the object is assumed to be small in one or several of its dimensions. In order to preserve the nonlinear nature of the obstruction, asymptotic expansions in the low-Froude or low-Bond number limits can be derived, but here, the solutions invariably predict a waveless surface at every order. This is because the waves are in fact, exponentially small, and thus beyond-all-orders of regular asymptotics; their formation is a consequence of the divergence of the asymptotic series and the associated Stokes Phenomenon. By applying techniques in exponential asymptotics to this problem, we have discovered the existence of new classes of gravity-capillary waves, from which the usual linear solutions form but a special case. In this paper, we present the initial theory for deriving these waves through a study of gravity-capillary flow over a linearised step; this will be done using two approaches: in the first, we derive the surface waves using the the standard method of Fourier transforms; in the second, we derive the same result using exponential asymptotics. Ultimately, these two methods give the same result, but conceptually, they offer different insights into the study of the low-Froude, low-Bond number problem.