Mutualism and evolutionary multiplayer games: revisiting the Red King

TL;DR

This paper investigates how multiplayer interactions influence the Red King effect in mutualistic coevolution, revealing that group size and multiplayer dynamics can alter which species benefits from evolving slower.

Contribution

It introduces an analysis of the Red King effect within multiplayer evolutionary games, highlighting how group interactions can change evolutionary advantages.

Findings

Multiplayer interactions can reverse the Red King effect.

Group size influences which species benefits from slower evolution.

Faster evolution may be favored in multiplayer settings despite two-player predictions.

Abstract

Coevolution of two species is typically thought to favour the evolution of faster evolutionary rates helping a species keep ahead in the Red Queen race, where `it takes all the running you can do to stay where you are'. In contrast, if species are in a mutualistic relationship, it was proposed that the Red King effect may act, where it can be beneficial to evolve slower than the mutualistic species. The Red King hypothesis proposes that the species which evolves slower can gain a larger share of the benefits. However, the interactions between the two species may involve multiple individuals. To analyse such a situation, we resort to evolutionary multiplayer games. Even in situations where evolving slower is beneficial in a two-player setting, faster evolution may be favoured in a multiplayer setting. The underlying features of multiplayer games can be crucial for the distribution of benefits. They also suggest a link between the evolution of the rate of evolution and group size.