The X-ray under-luminosity of the O-type supergiants HD16691 and HD14947 revealed by XMM-Newton

TL;DR

This study presents the first X-ray observations of two Of^+ supergiants, revealing they are under-luminous in X-rays compared to typical O-stars, which may indicate their transitional evolutionary stage towards Wolf-Rayet stars due to denser stellar winds.

Contribution

First dedicated X-ray observations of HD16691 and HD14947, showing their X-ray under-luminosity and linking it to their intermediate evolutionary stage between O and WR stars.

Findings

X-ray spectra are consistent with single O-type stars' emission.

X-ray luminosity is slightly lower than expected for typical O-stars.

Under-luminosity may be due to enhanced wind density in transitional stars.

Abstract

The members of the scarce category of Of^+ supergiants present properties that are intermediate between regular O-stars and Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars. Significant similarities between these transitional stars and WN-type objects are now clearly established, at least in the visible and near-infrared domains, pointing to common stellar wind properties. In this study, we report on the first dedicated X-ray observations of HD16691 (O4If^+) and HD14947 (O5f^+), revealing a soft thermal spectrum in agreement with the expected X-ray emission from a single O-type star. However, the X-ray luminosity of our targets is slightly lower than expected for single O-type stars, suggesting that the particular properties of their stellar wind has also a significant impact on the X-ray emission of these objects on the way to the WN category. We argue that the X-ray under-luminosity of HD16691 and HD14947 may be interpreted as the signature in X-rays of the intermediate stage between O and WR stars, as a consequence of enhanced wind density.