Multiperiodicity, modulations and flip-flops in variable star light curves II. Analysis of II Peg photometry during 1979-2010

TL;DR

This study analyzes over three decades of photometric data of the star II Peg to investigate persistent spot activity and drift phenomena, confirming a nearly linear drift and identifying flip-flop-like phase jumps.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of long-term photometry using the Carrier Fit method, revealing persistent spot drift and phase jumps in II Peg's activity.

Findings

Confirmed persistent primary spot dominance and linear drift over 30 years

Identified stable periodicity of approximately 6.71 days

Detected flip-flop-like phase jumps with short-lived spot configurations

Abstract

According to earlier Doppler images of the magnetically active primary giant component of the RS CVn binary II Peg, the surface of the star was dominated by one single active longitude that was clearly drifting in the rotational frame of the binary system during 1994-2002; later imaging for 2004-2010, however, showed decreased and chaotic spot activity, with no signs of the drift pattern. Here we set out to investigate from a more extensive photometric dataset whether such a drift is a persistent phenomenon, in which case it could be due to either an azimuthal dynamo wave or an indication of the binary system orbital synchronization still being incomplete. We analyse the datasets using the Carrier Fit method (hereafter CF), especially suitable for analyzing time series in which a fast clocking frequency (such as the rotation of the star) is modulated with a slower process (such as the stellar activity cycle). We combine all collected photometric data into one single data set, and analyze it with the CF method. As a result, we confirm the earlier results of the spot activity having been dominated by one primary spotted region almost through the entire data set, and the existence of a persistent, nearly linear drift. Disruptions of the linear trend and complicated phase behavior are also seen, but the period analysis reveals a rather stable periodicity with P(spot)=6.71054d plus/minus 0.00005d. After the linear trend is removed from the data, we identify several abrupt phase jumps, three of which are analyzed in more detail with the CF method. These phase jumps closely resemble what is called flip-flop event, but the new spot configurations do not, in most cases, persist for longer than a few months.