Confinement Stabilizes a Bacterial Suspension into a Spiral Vortex

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that confinement and surface curvature induce a stable spiral vortex state in dense bacterial suspensions, revealing how physical boundaries influence active matter organization.

Contribution

It shows how global confinement and surface curvature lead to a stable spiral vortex in bacterial suspensions, supported by experimental observations and a minimal continuum model.

Findings

Confinement induces a steady single-vortex state.

Cells align in inwardly-spiraling patterns.

A continuum model agrees with experimental results.

Abstract

Confining surfaces play crucial roles in dynamics, transport and order in many physical systems, but their effects on active matter, a broad class of dynamically self-organizing systems, are poorly understood. We investigate here the influence of global confinement and surface curvature on collective motion by studying the flow and orientational order within small droplets of a dense bacterial suspension. The competition between radial confinement, self-propulsion, steric interactions and hydrodynamics robustly induces an intriguing steady single-vortex state, in which cells align in inwardly-spiralling patterns accompanied by a thin counterrotating boundary layer. A minimal continuum model is shown to be in good agreement with these observations.