Detecting extra-galactic supernova neutrinos in the Antarctic ice

TL;DR

This paper proposes a low-energy extension of the IceCube neutrino detector to identify supernova neutrinos from nearby galaxies, enabling routine observations of core-collapse and dark supernovae with high sensitivity.

Contribution

It introduces a novel detector design with 10 Mton volume and 10 MeV threshold, addressing background suppression and technological challenges for supernova neutrino detection.

Findings

Potential to detect supernovae beyond 10 Mpc

Estimated 10-41 supernova detections per decade

Feasibility of routine supernova neutrino observations

Abstract

Building on the technological success of the IceCube neutrino telescope, we outline a prospective low-energy extension that utilizes the clear ice of the South Pole. Aiming at a 10 Mton effective volume and a 10 MeV threshold, the detector would provide sufficient sensitivity to detect neutrino bursts from core-collapse supernovae (SNe) in nearby galaxies. The detector geometry and required density of instrumentation are discussed along with the requirements to control the various sources of background, such as solar neutrinos. In particular, the suppression of spallation events induced by atmospheric muons poses a challenge that will need to be addressed. Assuming this background can be controlled, we find that the resulting detector will be able to detect SNe from beyond 10 Mpc, delivering between 10 and 41 regular core-collapse SN detections per decade. It would further allow to study more speculative phenomena, such as optically dark (failed) SNe, where the collapse proceeds directly to a black hole, at a detection rate similar to that of regular SNe. We find that the biggest technological challenge lies in the required number of large area photo-sensors, with simultaneous strict limits on the allowed noise rates. If both can be realized, the detector concept we present will reach the required sensitivity with a comparatively small construction effort and hence offers a route to future routine observations of SNe with neutrinos.