Time-Dependent Schrodinger Equation for Black Hole Evaporation: no Information Loss

TL;DR

This paper develops a time-dependent Schrödinger equation model for black hole evaporation, demonstrating that black holes can be described as pure quantum systems with unitary evolution, thus resolving the information paradox.

Contribution

It introduces a novel quantum model of black hole evaporation using Schrödinger equations, challenging the notion of information loss and providing a unitary evolution framework.

Findings

Black holes have discrete quantum spectra.

Black hole evaporation preserves information as pure states.

The model resolves the entanglement problem in the information paradox.

Abstract

In 1976 S. Hawking claimed that "Because part of the information about the state of the system is lost down the hole, the final situation is represented by a density matrix rather than a pure quantum state" (Verbatim from ref. 2). This was the starting point of the popular "black hole (BH) information paradox". In a series of papers, together with collaborators, we naturally interpreted BH quasi-normal modes (QNMs) in terms of quantum levels discussing a model of excited BH somewhat similar to the historical semi-classical Bohr model of the structure of a hydrogen atom. Here we explicitly write down, for the same model, a time dependent Schr\"odinger equation for the system composed by Hawking radiation and BH QNMs. The physical state and the correspondent wave function are written in terms of an unitary evolution matrix instead of a density matrix. Thus, the final state results to be a pure quantum state instead of a mixed one. Hence, Hawking's claim is falsified because BHs result to be well defined quantum mechanical systems, having ordered, discrete quantum spectra, which respect 't Hooft's assumption that Schr\"oedinger equations can be used universally for all dynamics in the universe. As a consequence, information comes out in BH evaporation in terms of pure states in an unitary time dependent evolution. In Section 4 of this paper we show that the present approach permits also to solve the entanglement problem connected with the information paradox.