One-dimensional electronic solitons of graphene in an electromagnetic field

TL;DR

This paper investigates how electromagnetic fields influence electronic solitons in graphene, revealing transformations and nonlinear transport behaviors that could impact future electronic device design.

Contribution

It introduces a differential-equation method to analyze graphene's energy states and soliton dynamics under electromagnetic fields, highlighting the transition from two-dimensional to one-dimensional solitons.

Findings

Transformation of 2D solitons into 1D at beta=1

Nonlinear current-voltage dependence in electric fields

Step-like current behavior at low temperatures

Abstract

Electronic energy-eigen-states of graphene in an orthogonal electromagnetic field with relative magnitude beta=E/vf*B>=1 or in a pure electric field are obtained by a differential-equation method. Gaussian wave packets of probability density are constructed and found to transform form two-dimensional solitons into one-dimension ones at beta=1, when beta increases form beta<1 into beta>1. The maximum number of one-dimensional solitons of a finite graphene in the field is used to determine the electronic energy levels. These energy levels and the velocity of solitons lead to nonlinear dependence of the current on the Hall voltage for the field with beta>1 and nonlinear current-voltage curves for the pure electric field including the step-like ones at low temperatures, according to the ballistic transport of solitons.