The Crab Nebula and the class of Type IIn-P supernovae caused by sub-energetic electron capture explosions

TL;DR

This paper proposes that the Crab Nebula resulted from a low-energy, electron-capture supernova of an 8-10 solar mass star, classified as a Type IIn-P explosion, explaining its observed features without invoking an invisible fast envelope.

Contribution

It introduces a novel model linking the Crab Nebula to Type IIn-P supernovae caused by electron-capture explosions, clarifying its properties and challenging previous assumptions.

Findings

Crab's features are best explained by a Type IIn-P supernova model.

The explosion was low-energy with a low 56Ni yield.

The model accounts for the Crab's filament structure and luminosity.

Abstract

What sort of supernova gave rise to the Crab Nebula? There are several indications that the Crab arose from a sub-energetic explosion of an 8-10 Msun star, this appears to conflict with the high luminosity indicated by historical observations. This paper shows that several properties of the Crab are best suited to Type IIn-P explosions (Type IIn spectra with plateau light curves). These events probably arise from relatively low-energy (1e50 erg) explosions with low 56Ni yield resulting from electron-capture SNe (ecSNe), but their high luminosity and Type IIn spectra are dominated by shock interaction with CSM. After about 120 days, nearly all of the mass in the CSM and ejecta ends up in a slow dense shell. In the scenario proposed here for SN1054, this thin shell is accelerated by the growing pulsar wind nebula, producing the complex network of filaments seen today. There is no need to invoke the invisible fast SN envelope hypothesized to reside outside the Crab. SNeIIn-P explain several observed features of the Crab: (1) No blast wave or rapidly expanding SN envelope outside the filaments, (2) a total mass of 5 Msun swept up in a thin shell, (3) a high peak luminosity despite the low kinetic energy, and (4) chemical abundances consistent with an 8-10 Msun star and low 56Ni yield. A number of other implications are discussed, concerning other Crab-like remnants, dust in the Crab filaments, diversity in the initial masses of SNe IIn, and an association between ecSNe and SN impostors. This model predicts that if light echoes from SN1054 are discovered, they will be consistent with a Type IIn-P spectrum.