Dynamic Provisioning in Next-Generation Data Centers with On-site Power Production

TL;DR

This paper develops algorithms for cost-effective energy management in next-generation data centers with on-site power production, demonstrating significant cost savings through joint optimization of energy supply and demand.

Contribution

It introduces new online algorithms with proven competitive ratios for hybrid and on-grid data centers, optimizing energy costs with real workload trace simulations.

Findings

Offline algorithm reduces costs by 25.8%.

Online algorithm achieves 20.7% cost reduction in hybrid data centers.

Hybrid data centers save about 13% more than on-grid setups.

Abstract

The critical need for clean and economical sources of energy is transforming data centers that are primarily energy consumers to also energy producers. We focus on minimizing the operating costs of next-generation data centers that can jointly optimize the energy supply from on-site generators and the power grid, and the energy demand from servers as well as power conditioning and cooling systems. We formulate the cost minimization problem and present an offline optimal algorithm. For "on-grid" data centers that use only the grid, we devise a deterministic online algorithm that achieves the best possible competitive ratio of $2-\alpha_{s}$, where $\alpha_{s}$ is a normalized look-ahead window size. For "hybrid" data centers that have on-site power generation in addition to the grid, we develop an online algorithm that achieves a competitive ratio of at most \textmd{\normalsize {\small $\frac{P_{\max} (2-\alpha_{s})}{c_{o}+c_{m}/L} [1+2\frac{P_{\max}-c_{o}}{P_{\max}(1+\alpha_{g})}]$}}, where $\alpha_{s}$ and $\alpha_{g}$ are normalized look-ahead window sizes, $P_{\max}$ is the maximum grid power price, and $L$, $c_{o}$, and $c_{m}$ are parameters of an on-site generator. Using extensive workload traces from Akamai with the corresponding grid power prices, we simulate our offline and online algorithms in a realistic setting. Our offline (resp., online) algorithm achieves a cost reduction of 25.8% (resp., 20.7%) for a hybrid data center and 12.3% (resp., 7.3%) for an on-grid data center. The cost reductions are quite significant and make a strong case for a joint optimization of energy supply and energy demand in a data center. A hybrid data center provides about 13% additional cost reduction over an on-grid data center representing the additional cost benefits that on-site power generation provides over using the grid alone.