Vertical settling and radial segregation of large dust grains in the circumstellar disk of the Butterfly Star

TL;DR

This study develops a comprehensive model of the Butterfly Star's circumstellar disk, revealing grain growth, vertical settling, and radial segregation of dust, consistent with early planet formation theories.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel model that simultaneously fits multi-wavelength observations of the disk, providing detailed insights into dust grain distribution and evolution.

Findings

Evidence for dust grain growth up to ~100 microns

Vertical settling of larger grains toward the disk midplane

Radial segregation of large grains toward the central star

Abstract

Context: Circumstellar disks are considered to be the environment for the formation of planets. The growth of dust grains in these disks is the first step in the core accretion-gas capture planet formation scenario. Indicators and evidence of disk evolution can be traced in spatially resolved images and the spectral energy distribution (SED) of these objects. Aims: We develop a model for the dust phase of the edge-on oriented circumstellar disk of the Butterfly Star which allows one to fit observed multi-wavelength images and the SED simultaneously. Methods: Our model is based on spatially resolved high angular resolution observations at 1.3 mm, 894 micron, 2.07 micron, 1.87 micron, 1.60 micron, and 1.13 micron and an extensively covered SED ranging from 12 micron to 2.7 mm, including a detailed spectrum obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope in the range from 12 micron to 38 micron. A parameter study based on a grid search method involving the detailed analysis of every parameter was performed to constrain the disk parameters and find the best-fit model for the independent observations. The individual observations were modeled simultaneously, using our continuum radiative transfer code. Results: We derived a model that is capable of reproducing all of the observations of the disk at the same time. We find quantitative evidence for grain growth up to ~100 micron-sized particles, vertical settling of larger dust grains toward the disk midplane, and radial segregation of the latter toward the central star. Within our best-fit model the large grains have a distribution with a scale height of 3.7 AU at 100 AU and a radial extent of 175 AU compared to a hydrostatic scale height of 6.9 AU at 100 AU and an outer disk radius of 300 AU. Our results are consistent with current theoretical models for the evolution of circumstellar disks and the early stages of planet formation.