Recurring flares from supermassive black hole binaries: implications for tidal disruption candidates and OJ 287

TL;DR

This paper proposes that supermassive black hole binaries can produce recurring luminous flares due to cavity accretion, which may explain observed periodic flares in active galaxies like OJ 287 and mimic tidal disruption events.

Contribution

It introduces a new model for cavity-accretion flares in SMBH binaries, explaining their potential observability and distinguishing features from tidal disruptions.

Findings

Cavity-accretion flares can recur every orbital period in SMBH binaries.

Flares may be mistaken for stellar tidal disruption events without periodicity evidence.

The model applied to OJ 287 supports the SMBH binary hypothesis for its periodic flares.

Abstract

I discuss the possibility that accreting supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries with sub-parsec separations produce periodically recurring luminous outbursts that interrupt periods of relative quiescence. This hypothesis is motivated by two characteristics found generically in simulations of binaries embedded in prograde accretion discs: (i) the formation of a central, low-density cavity around the binary, and (ii) the leakage of gas into this cavity, occurring once per orbit via discrete streams on nearly radial trajectories. The first feature would reduce the emergent optical/UV flux of the system relative to active galactic nuclei powered by single SMBHs, while the second can trigger quasiperiodic fluctuations in luminosity. I argue that the quasiperiodic accretion signature may be much more dramatic than previously thought, because the infalling gas streams can strongly shock-heat via self-collision and tidal compression, thereby enhancing viscous accretion. Any optically thick gas that is circularized about either SMBH can accrete before the next pair of streams is deposited, fueling transient, luminous flares that recur every orbit. Due to the diminished flux in between accretion episodes, such cavity-accretion flares could plausibly be mistaken for the tidal disruptions of stars in quiescent nuclei. The flares could be distinguished from tidal disruption events if their quasiperiodic recurrence is observed, or if they are produced by very massive SMBHs that cannot disrupt solar-type stars. They may be discovered serendipitously in surveys such as LSST or eROSITA. I present a heuristic toy model as a proof of concept for the production of cavity-accretion flares, and generate mock light curves and specta. I also apply the model to the active galaxy OJ 287, whose production of quasiperiodic pairs of optical flares has long fueled speculation that it hosts a SMBH binary.