Design and operation of a microfabricated phonon spectrometer utilizing superconducting tunnel junctions as phonon transducers

TL;DR

This paper introduces a microfabricated phonon spectrometer using superconducting tunnel junctions for high-resolution spectral analysis of phonons in silicon nanostructures, enabling detailed nanoscale heat transport studies.

Contribution

It presents a novel spectrometer design utilizing superconducting tunnel junctions for spectrally resolved phonon detection with significantly improved resolution over thermal methods.

Findings

Achieved spectral resolution of 15-20 GHz, 20 times better than thermal conductance measurements.

Demonstrated ballistic phonon propagation in silicon microstructures.

Enabled submicron spatial resolution in phonon transport measurements.

Abstract

In order to fully understand nanoscale heat transport it is necessary to spectrally characterize phonon transmission in nanostructures. Towards this goal we have developed a microfabricated phonon spectrometer. We utilize microfabricated superconducting tunnel junction-based (STJ) phonon transducers for the emission and detection of tunable, non-thermal, and spectrally resolved acoustic phonons, with frequencies ranging from ~100 to ~870 GHz, in silicon microstructures. We show that phonon spectroscopy with STJs offers a spectral resolution of ~15-20 GHz, which is ~20 times better than thermal conductance measurements, for probing nanoscale phonon transport. The STJs are Al-AlxOy-Al tunnel junctions and phonon emission and detection occurs via quasiparticle excitation and decay transitions that occur in the superconducting films. We elaborate on the design geometry and constraints of the spectrometer, the fabrication techniques, and the low-noise instrumentation that are essential for successful application of this technique for nanoscale phonon studies. We discuss the spectral distribution of phonons emitted by an STJ emitter and the efficiency of their detection by an STJ detector. We demonstrate that the phonons propagate ballistically through a silicon microstructure, and that submicron spatial resolution is realizable in a design such as ours. Spectrally resolved measurements of phonon transport in nanoscale structures and nanomaterials will further the engineering and exploitation of phonons, and thus have important ramifications for nanoscale thermal transport as well as the burgeoning field of nanophononics.