The Exciting Lives of Giant Molecular Clouds

TL;DR

This study investigates the complex evolution, lifetimes, and dispersal mechanisms of giant molecular clouds in galactic discs, highlighting their dynamic formation, disruption, and relation to star formation.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of GMC evolution, lifetimes, and dispersal processes using simulations, revealing their complex behaviors and the factors influencing their lifecycle.

Findings

GMC lifetimes are typically 4-25 Myr for clouds over 10^5 M$_{ ext{sun}}$.

Star formation efficiency in GMCs is about 1%.

Cloud dispersal is driven by stellar feedback and shear.

Abstract

We present a detailed study of the evolution of GMCs in a galactic disc simulation. We follow individual GMCs (defined in our simulations by a total column density criterion), including their level of star formation, from their formation to dispersal. We find the evolution of GMCs is highly complex. GMCs often form from a combination of smaller clouds and ambient ISM, and similarly disperse by splitting into a number of smaller clouds and ambient ISM. However some clouds emerge as the result of the disruption of a more massive GMC, rather than from the assembly of smaller clouds. Likewise in some cases, clouds accrete onto more massive clouds rather than disperse. Because of the difficulty of determining a precursor or successor of a given GMC, determining GMC histories and lifetimes is highly non-trivial. Using a definition relating to the continuous evolution of a cloud, we obtain lifetimes typically of 4-25 Myr for >10^5 M$_{\odot}$ GMCs, over which time the star formation efficiency is about 1 %. We also relate the lifetime of GMCs to their crossing time. We find that the crossing time is a reasonable measure of the actual lifetime of the cloud, although there is considerable scatter. The scatter is found to be unavoidable because of the complex and varied shapes and dynamics of the clouds. We study cloud dispersal in detail and find both stellar feedback and shear contribute to cloud disruption. We also demonstrate that GMCs do not behave as ridge clouds, rather massive spiral arm GMCs evolve into smaller clouds in inter-arm spurs.