Radio-frequency power generation

TL;DR

This paper reviews various high-power radio-frequency power amplifiers like tetrodes, klystrons, and magnetrons, discussing their operation, challenges, and current technological status for use in high-power hadron accelerators.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of RF power amplifier technologies, including their design considerations and operational factors, for high-power accelerator applications.

Findings

Comparison of amplifier types and their power capabilities

Discussion of operational challenges like cooling and matching

Summary of current technological advancements

Abstract

This paper reviews the main types of radio-frequency power amplifiers which are, or may be, used for high-power hadron accelerators. It covers tetrodes, inductive output tubes, klystrons and magnetrons with power outputs greater than 10 kW continuous wave or 100 kW pulsed at frequencies from 50 MHz to 30 GHz. Factors affecting the satisfactory operation of amplifiers include cooling, matching and protection circuits are discussed. The paper concludes with a summary of the state of the art for the different technologies.