Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of SN2009ip's 2012 Brightening Reveals a Dusty Pre-Supernova Environment

TL;DR

This study uses near-infrared spectra of SN2009ip to analyze its pre-supernova environment, revealing hot circumstellar dust and its implications for dust formation and IR echoes in supernovae.

Contribution

It provides the first near-IR spectral analysis of SN2009ip's pre-brightening phase, highlighting dust ejection and formation prior to the supernova explosion.

Findings

Pre-brightening IR continuum is redder due to hot dust emission.

Dust ejected at least 1.1 years before the brightening.

Hot dust mass is estimated at 4x10^{-7} solar masses.

Abstract

We present low-resolution near-IR 0.8-2.5 um spectra of SN2009ip, taken immediately before, during, and just after its rapid brightening in late Sep/Oct 2012. The first epoch shows the same general spectral characteristics as the later epochs (smooth continuum, narrow H and HeI emission lines), but the IR continuum shape is substantially redder than the later epochs. The epoch 1 continuum can be approximated by reddening the peak-luminosity (epoch 3) spectrum by E(B-V)=1.0 mag, but the blue color seen in visual-wavelength spectra at the same time indicates that strong wavelength-dependent extinction by circumstellar dust is not the correct explanation. Instead, we favor the hypothesis that the redder color before the brightening arises from excess emission from hot $\sim$2000 K circumstellar dust. The minimum radius (120 AU) deduced from the dust temperature and observed luminosity of the transient, combined with the observed expansion speed in the precursor outbursts of SN 2009ip, is consistent with an ejection at least 1.1 yr earlier. The mass of hot dust indicated by the IR excess is 4x10$^{-7}$ Msun, although this is only a lower limit since the near-IR data do not constrain the mass of cooler dust. Thus, the observed pre-SN outbursts of this object were able to efficiently form dust into which the SN ejecta and radiation now propagate. This is consistent with the notion that the same pre-SN eruptions that generally give rise to SNe IIn also give rise to the dust needed for their commonly observed IR echoes. We also discuss some aspects of the IR line profiles, including HeI 10830.